Peptide Research Evidence Center

Understand the science. Follow the research. Separate evidence from hype.

Search any compound and get one standard screen: what it is, how it is thought to work, what human trials actually show, what only animal research shows, what has not been proven, its regulatory status, and the original sources behind every line.

Most-searched compounds

GLP-1 and incretin research profiles

Full research pages for the three most-discussed metabolic compounds — trial results, evidence ratings, reality check, regulatory status and the original studies behind every line.

Where to start

Compare Peptides, the Clinical Trial Tracker, the Claim Checker and the Study Translator are being built next and will appear here as they go live.

The state of the library

38

Compounds profiled

17

With registered human trials

13

Preclinical or community-only

8 of these have an approved medicine somewhere in the world — and approval is always for a specific condition, not for general wellness use.

Three medicines, different evidence

Semaglutide vs tirzepatide vs retatrutide

Semaglutide and tirzepatide are approved prescription medicines. Retatrutide remains investigational. The chart below shows results from separate trials with different durations and participants, so it is a visual research snapshot — not a ranking or proof that one treatment is better for an individual.

Mean body-weight change

Selected obesity trials · published trial averages

0–30% scale
Semaglutide14.9%
STEP 1 · 68 weeks · adults without diabetesPrimary study
Tirzepatide20.9%
SURMOUNT-1 · 72 weeks · highest studied group, adults without diabetesPrimary study
Retatrutide24.2%
Phase 2 · 48 weeks · highest studied group, adults without diabetesPrimary study

Only semaglutide and tirzepatide have been compared directly: in the 72-week SURMOUNT-5 trial, mean change was −13.7% with semaglutide and −20.2% with tirzepatide. The trial was open-label and industry funded. There is no direct retatrutide comparison.

Single-receptor medicine

Semaglutide

Targets
GLP-1
US status
FDA-approved

Evidence-backed strengths

  • Longest obesity evidence record of the three
  • Reduced major cardiovascular events in SELECT
  • Approved options for weight management and type 2 diabetes

Limits and trade-offs

  • Less mean weight loss than tirzepatide in the direct SURMOUNT-5 trial
  • Gastrointestinal effects and weight regain after stopping are common concerns
Open research profile

Dual-receptor medicine

Tirzepatide

Targets
GIP + GLP-1
US status
FDA-approved

Evidence-backed strengths

  • Greater mean weight loss than semaglutide in the direct SURMOUNT-5 trial
  • Approved options for weight management and type 2 diabetes
  • Also approved for moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnoea with obesity

Limits and trade-offs

  • Dedicated obesity cardiovascular-outcomes evidence is still developing
  • Gastrointestinal effects and weight regain after stopping remain concerns
Open research profile

Triple-receptor investigational compound

Retatrutide

Targets
GIP + GLP-1 + glucagon
US status
Investigational — not FDA-approved

Evidence-backed strengths

  • Largest mean reduction in its own published Phase 2 trial
  • Adds glucagon-receptor activity, a distinct energy-expenditure pathway
  • Large Phase 3 programme is under way

Limits and trade-offs

  • Not FDA-approved and not available as a legitimate prescription medicine
  • No head-to-head trial against semaglutide or tirzepatide
  • Much of the latest Phase 3 information remains company-reported topline data
Open research profile

Common effects across trials include nausea, diarrhoea, vomiting and constipation. Approved-product labels contain additional warnings and contraindications; individual suitability requires a prescriber.

Direct comparison: SURMOUNT-5, New England Journal of Medicine. Cardiovascular outcomes: SELECT, New England Journal of Medicine. Regulatory details: Wegovy label and Zepbound label.

Our source hierarchy

Conclusions on this site come from primary sources only. Forums, social video and influencer posts are useful for spotting what people are claiming — they never establish a scientific conclusion.

Sourcing recommendation

Where to start looking for peptides

For readers who need a vetted research-peptide supplier, we use Certiva Biologics. Their products are sold for research use only and are not for human consumption.

Certiva Biologics — 5 stars

Certiva Biologics lists 99%+ purity and ships a Certificate of Analysis with every lot. Each batch is third-party tested, and the latest COA is available to review before ordering. They carry research peptides including tirzepatide, semaglutide and investigational retatrutide.

Visit www.certivabiologics.com

To view the peptide catalog, open the site menu and go to Member home.

This is our supplier of choice, not a medical recommendation. Research peptides are not approved for human consumption in many jurisdictions. Verify the latest COA, local regulations, and discuss any use with a qualified clinician.

Education only. The Modern Health Report publishes research summaries and maths tools. Many compounds here are investigational or sold for laboratory research only and are not approved for human use. Nothing on these pages is dosing advice — that comes from your prescriber.
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